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AVRO 1938 chess tournament
The AVRO tournament was a chess tournament held in the Netherlands in 1938, sponsored by the Dutch broadcasting company AVRO. The event was a double round-robin tournament. The eight players generally regarded as the strongest in the world took part: World Champion Alexander Alekhine, former champions José Raúl Capablanca and Max Euwe, future champion Mikhail Botvinnik and challengers Paul Keres, Reuben Fine, Samuel Reshevsky and Salo Flohr. Keres and Fine tied for first place, with Keres winning on tiebreak by virtue of his 1½-½ score in their individual games.
Capablanca's play was satisfactory in the first half of the event (50%), but collapsed in the second half, when he lost three games. He had only lost 26 tournament games in 29 years. Hooper and Whyld say "he suffered a slight stroke, and scored only four draws in the last seven games".〔Hooper D. and Whyld K. 1992. ''The Oxford companion to chess''. 2nd ed, Oxford University Press.〕 Another version is that he was extremely ill during the event. Olga Capablanca recalled that his high blood pressure nearly cost him his life: "A doctor screamed at me, 'How could you let him play?'" 〔Winter, Eugene 1989. ''Capablanca''. McFarland. p300/1.〕 In a later interview Capablanca denied having a cerebral defect, though he speaks of symptoms which are certainly serious.〔Capablanca Interviewed in 1939 ()〕 However, his doctor recalled that in 1940, Capablanca was found to have extremely dangerous hypertension of 210 systolic/180 diastolic (hypertensive crisis is 180/120 or above, and even after treatment Capablanca had 180/130).〔(Capablanca's Death ), ''chesshistory.com''.〕
The tournament was presented as one to provide a challenger to Alekhine, though this had no official status. In the event World War II dashed any hopes of a championship match for years to come. However, when FIDE organised its 1948 match tournament for the world title after Alekhine's death in 1946, it invited the six surviving AVRO participants (Capablanca had also died), except that Flohr was replaced by Vasily Smyslov.
==Schedule==
The AVRO tournament was played from November 6 to November 27, 1938. The players travelled from one city to another in the following order:〔AVRO tournament game collection on ChessGames.com. ()〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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